Leadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership Essay

Generally, leadership is the art or process of influencing followers and subordinates to achieve the organizational goals. It helps an individuals or a group to identify its goals and assists in achieving the stated goals. Because of importance of leadership all kinds of group action, there are considerable number of researches and theories on leadership and many kinds of leadership styles like Greatman theory, power influence, Trait approach, Behavioral, Situational or Contingency approaches; Below, the Early Behavior Theory of leadership is being described. ï‚ § Behavioral Theories of Leadership: The limitations of trait theory led to significant change in the leadership Approach. In this theory full focus was on the actual behavior and action of leaders instead of their Personal qualities or traits. This theory emphasize on, what the leaders do and how they behave to become effective leaders. According to this theory leadership can be learned oppose to the Great Man and ‘Trait’ theory whereas leadership was believed to be born and inherited. Several attempts have been made to identify the dimensions of leaders behavior. But the most systematic and comprehensive studies in this direction were conducted in U.S.A at ‘ Ohio State University’ and, the University of Michigan during 1945-1947. These are considered to be the most important behavioral studies. ï‚ § Ohio State University: In 1945 the bureau of Business research at Ohio university initiated a series of studies onShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership857 Words   |  4 Pagesproject shows that leadership is defined in many ways. Characteristics of a good leader are questionable. Leadership styles and theories, such as servant leadership, collective leadership, and dictatorship vastly differ but still share similar attributes. While servant leadership and collective leadership theories similarly encompass specific attributes, the collective leadership theory still lacks vision and empowerment. Inversely, at the other extreme of leadership theories is dictatorship. UnlikeRead MoreLeadership Style And Leadership Theory807 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch conducted on traits, skills, and characters relationships to leadership and followers. The paper discusses the common themes and conclusions addressed in all studies. The articles penned with the intention of examining the impact lead ership style and leadership theory in areas such as individual identity, culture, and worldview. Mahdi, Mohd, and Almsafir (2014) argue there is a significantly strong relationship between the leadership behavior and organizational commitment. Also, the paper synthesizesRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Styles1512 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide examples surrounding various leadership theories and leadership styles that sustain the definition of a public leader. First, this paper will provide a definition of a public leader. Next, it determine two leadership theories and two leadership styles that support the definition of a public leader. Also, this paper will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership theories. Subsequently, it will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership styles. Further, this paper will utilize properRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership876 Words   |  4 Pagesbstract This paper is to define the definition of leadership, and how its breakdown of various leadership styles and theories. I will also focus on more than one leadership style on what is to believe the best aligns thoughts of what leadership should mean. The leadership style is a mixed character of leadership that combines the transformational and servant leadership theories in to Healthcare. An evaluation is made of the learner’s leadership characteristics and how they would enable the learnerRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Theories993 Words   |  4 Pagesto the other two leadership styles, I scored next highest in the delegate category and the least amount in the authoritative category. In this paper I will give a comprehensive overview of leadership styles and leadership management theories and how they relate to my style. Lastly, I will discuss my type of work environment, and three key actions or behaviors that I must demonstrate to be a successful leader. Alignment with management and leadership theories Leadership theories include trait, attitudinalRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership1386 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is known as the process of guiding groups, individuals and an organization in the establishment of goals as well as sustaining those goals. The concept of leadership incorporates a diversity of clarifications, leadership styles and theories. While looking at the leaders around us no matter if it’s our president or place of employment, we often find ourselves questioning exactly why these individuals shine in these positions. This essay will detail my leadership in relations of the transformationalRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Style920 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership theories and Leadership Style In workplace condition, there are numerous dynamics which may affects a manager’s leadership style. The most significant features which will affect the choice of leadership styles or leadership behavior in a workplace condition need to identify. The most important factor which affects the manager’s leadership style is ‘Task’. The task is the real purpose of the team as well as the goals of the team. A manager’s upmost duty is to be certain that all team membersRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership2172 Words   |  9 PagesThere are many leadership styles and theories.   Effective leaders are required to possess problem-solving skills, maintain group effectiveness, be dynamic, passionate, and be a motivational influence on others.   There are two leadership approaches that are most popular.   They are Transactional leadership and Transformational leadership.   A transactional leader is the traditional â€Å"boss† image (Yoder-Wise, 2015).   In such work environment, employees have an understanding that the superiors make allRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership Styles4638 Words   |  19 PagesLeadership theories The full spectrum of leadership styles is broad. The leadership styles continuum ranges from very directive to very non-directive: Autocratic, Benevolent Autocratic, Consultative, Participative, Consensus, and Laissez-Faire (Gibson, 1995). The autocratic leader an authority who make decisions or set goals and does not feel the need to explain them. The benevolent autocratic leader also rely on authority for decision-making, but may explain the thought process behind the decisionsRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Styles903 Words   |  4 Pagesphenomenon of leadership is based upon directing, influencing as well as motivating individuals for the purpose of implementing plans as well as running an organization. Leadership styles vary from person to person and is dependent upon the situations that the leader might be faced with (George, Sims, P. Sims, D., 2007). Basically, the leadership styles have been categorized into six types (i.e. commanding, visionary, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching leadership styles). All these

Macbeth and the laboratory - 2068 Words

Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth and Browning’s lady in lab share common characteristics of insanity as well as great ambition. The essay will explore dilemma faced by Lady Macbeth and the cruelty expressed in â€Å"The Laboratory†. Shakespeare’s play, was written in 1848, and set in the 11th century. The play was presented to King James I of England, and portrays one of his ancestors, Banquo. In contrast, â€Å"The Laboratory†, is set in pre-revolutionary France, portraying the main protagonist as a schizophrenic woman whom hallucinates over a mysterious unnamed man. The essay will delve into mind of Victorian and Jacobean audience as well as looks at the views of a modern contemporary audience. At end of essay, I will provide my opinion as to whether†¦show more content†¦Brownings protagonist is a character that is the complete contrast to Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth, who attempts to assume masculine qualities. Many of the audience may declare that â€Å"both women go against the natural order of things†, especially in a patriarchal society where women are seen to be servile to men. This is a quote from a fellow student in my class. Although both Jacobean and Victorian societies would be shocked or fascinated (or both) with the idea of a female committing murder. On the other hand, women tend to be more susceptible to paranoia as well as jealousy. I would argue that this is more of an evolved, natural trait among women. In both societies, women are expected to suppress those feelings, which may cause an element of surprise among the audience. It may also cause fear within those in the audience whom have a partner, because it may arouse the thought of their partner committing/participating in a similar act involving them. On the whole, however, I disagree with the statement that Brownings protagonist and Shakespeares Lady Macbeth â€Å"go against the natural order of things†. Although some would argue that, in a sense, Shakespeares Lady Macbeth is extremely courageous and very ambitious; I would argue that she has very clear characteristics of a psychopath. In act 1 scene 7, Shakespeare writes â€Å"I would dash my own baby’s brains out, than be a cowardShow MoreRelatedHow are characters presented as disturbed in Macbeth, Laboratory and My Last Duchess?1055 Words   |  5 Pagespoem or play to elaborate on explanations. Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, is set during the eleventh century is about the emotional manipulation of individuals and the lust for power and the upmost authority over a victorious Scotland featuring an Elizabethan audience whereas Robert Browning’s poems, Laboratory and My Last Duchess, is about the overcoming of jealously and betrayal set during the Victorian era with a Victorian audience. Macbeth in the beginning of the play is a noble, humbleRead MoreHow are strong feelings of murder presented in Robert Browning’s ‘The Laboratory’ and Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’?1771 Words   |  8 Pagesworks of Shakespeares ‘Macbeth’ and Robert Browning’s ‘The Laboratory’ the audience will find many similarities between the strong feelings towards the act of murder which are evident. Although both texts are written in different forms of literature - Shakespeares ‘Macbeth’ being in the form of a play and ‘The Laboratory’ being in the form of a poetic monologue - both texts use powerful imagery and language carefully to evoke strong perceptions from the audience. Macbeth is a tragedy by WilliamRead MoreLove, Murder, and Jealousy in Shakespeares Macbeth and Brownings My Last Duchess and The Laboratory2051 Words   |  8 Pagespresent ideas about love, murder and jealousy in Macbeth, My Last Duchess and The Laboratory? This essay will look at ways William Shakespeare (1564-1616, English actor and playwright) and Robert Browning (1812-1889, English poet and playwright) consider love, murder and jealousy in the play Macbeth and the poems, My Last Duchess and The Laboratory. When comparing these themes it is of interest to consider their historical context and setting. Macbeth was first performed in 1611 and is consideredRead MoreExplore the ways in which Shakespeare presents Lady Macbeth and Browning presents the speakers in Porphyria’s Lover, My Last Duchess and the Laboratory1596 Words   |  7 PagesExplore the ways in which Shakespeare presents Lady Macbeth and Browning presents the speakers in Porphyria’s Lover, My Last Duchess and the Laboratory Shakespeare presents Lady Macbeth in such a way that she is shown as a strong and powerful woman. Her ability to manipulate Macbeth to murder Duncan in order to get more power is a key example of this aspect of her character. Browning also presents his speakers in a similar way to Shakespeare through their need to control. The main way that bothRead MorePsychological Truths in Macbeth and the Poem My Last Duchess Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesI am studying the characters of Macbeth and the Duke; how they can be considered perturbed characters. The play, ‘Macbeth’ and poem, ‘My Last Duchess’ both show psychological truths and insights into the characters. While the Duke shows himself to be perturbed straight away in the poem, Macbeth’s phrenic deterioration takes place and develops as the play proceeds. ‘Macbeth is a tragic play indited by Shakespeare during the English Renaissance in 1606. The play is habituated by Shakespeare in orderRead Mor eWilliam Shakespeare s Tragedy Of Macbeth Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesThing That Lady Macbeth Might Have William Shakespeare had tragedy in Macbeth. Macbeth had been a Thane, which is a noble. Lady Macbeth wants to be Queen of Scotland in Macbeth wants to be king no matter what it takes Macbeth was going be king an Lady Macbeth was going to be queen. Lady Macbeth was a very strong mind person. Lady Macbeth surfed the effect of bipolar and schizophrenia. First lady Macbeth showed bipolar disorder by showing the symptoms of inflated or self-esteem grandiosity. LadyRead MoreEssay about Shakespeare and Robert Browning2059 Words   |  9 PagesIntro Shakespeare and Browning both present the theme of desire through their central characters. Lady Macbeth (and Macbeth) is motivated by the desire for ambition and authority in ‘Macbeth’ whilst in the Browning monologues; the monologists are driven by the desire of power and control in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ and revenge in ‘The laboratory’. All of which seem to have fatal conclusions as a result of each of their desires. As the texts were produced over 400years ago, audiences may have found theRead MoreThe Duality Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde And Shakespeare s Macbeth2038 Words   |  9 PagesTo look at the duality of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Macbeth In this essay, I am going to analyse the concept of duality in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Shakespeare’s Macbeth. The meaning of duality is the quality or condition of having two sides to something, such as good and evil, love and hate and black and white. The novella ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ Centre’s around ‘duality’. The author R.L.S (Robert Louis Stevenson) introduces us to the two sides of a person, DrRead MoreComparing The Ways Writer Present Doubts, Uncertainties And Conflict On The Minds Of The Characters4552 Words   |  19 PagesReligion also played a main part throughout Macbeth especially in the build up towards the murder of King Duncan as Macbeth feel like he is going against God. One aspect of religion to be noticed is Macbeth is his obsession with heaven and hell, he is not really worried about the consequences of is murders in real life but only in the afterlife as when he says that summons thee to heaven or hell which could be the focus towards Duncan s death But also Macbeth s everlasting damnation. ShakespeareRead MoreCorrelation Between Pl asma And Saliva1473 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironmental exposure may influence go to court records measured in these media. These media reflect short term stress occurrence over hours today’s cannot assess the HPA activity occurring over weeks to months without repeated sampling of the individuals. MacBeth et al. 2010 Cortisol the primary good credit record of human and nonhuman permit to Lake is key component of the physiological stress response. This hormone is most commonly measured in blood serum or plasma which itself can be stressful. An Analysis

From 52nd Street to Virginia Avenue Essay Example For Students

From 52nd Street to Virginia Avenue Essay Sun streams through the floor-to-ceiling windows of the Santa Monica Police Activities League, brightening the face of 14-year-old Stevie as he offers an imaginary gift to his friend Mike, who is turning 10 today. I give you a pill to turn anything into anything, says Stevie, and Mike grins as he places the pill into an imaginary pile of gifts already received from the kids and adults in his acting workshop: a million pieces of paper and the ideas to write on them, a Nintendo, a bag of second chances, $100 and a magic carpet to fly around the world. Mike is not the only one celebrating a birthday. The partys host, the Virginia Avenue Project, is turning one. Like its parent, the 52nd Street Project in New York City, the Los Angeles-based Virginia Avenue Project brings professional artists and inner-city kids together to create theatre. Along with similar programs starting up in Macon, Ga., Roanoke, Va., Hastings and Buffalo, N.Y. and Tuba City, Ariz., the Virginia Avenue Project is one of many replications of the 52nd Street Project using playwriting and acting to give economically disadvantaged children an arena for self-expression. Started by actor and writer Willie Reale in 1981 as an acting class for eight kids in the Hells Kitchen area of New York City, the 52nd Street Project has mushroomed into a New York fixture with multiple programs, more than 70 young participants, an annual budget of $300,000 and a volunteer roster of more than 150 adult artists including such eminent figures as Wendy Wasserstein, Spalding Gray and Kate Nelligan. In the early years, Reale and his brother Robert wrote full-length musicals with parts designed to show off each kids personality. But Reale felt uncomfortable always giving starring roles to the same few, so he began to look for ways to offer them the individual attention sorely lacking in their overcrowded public schools. In 1986, he started the One-on-One program, in which an adult playwright writes a short two-character play for his or herself and a particular child. A year later, he hooked up with teacher and playwright Daniel Judah Sklar, who had just moved back to New York from Macon, Ga., where he was developing Playmaking, a technique for teaching children to write plays. Now, the projects programming is multifaceted, with children acting and writing in several venues. In addition to the One-on-Ones, the sequence of programs include Playmaking, in which kids take an eight-week playwriting course, then interview two adult actors and write plays for them to perform; Replay, a second level of Playmaking; and Playback, in which an adult writes a play in response to a piece written by his or her child partner. Growing sideways The process first makes the child the center of attention, then asks him or her to create for someone else, and finally engages the child in collaboration. Periodically, groups of children and adults retreat to the country to write and rehearse, and then return to the city to perform Off Broadway, where the plays are attended by an eclectic audience of neighborhood families, suburban yuppies and famous theatrical personalities. The emphasis on the individual child means that the project cannot support more than 70 or so kids per year, so it is focusing on replication. Its the kind of organization that can only grow sideways, says Reale. When you discover something that works, you want other people to know about it. Leigh Curran, a former 52nd Street volunteer who moved to Los Angeles to start the Virginia Avenue Project in 1992, is the perfect West Coast ambassador. An imposing figure whom her colleagues say should be running whole cities, Curran is a writer, actress and performance artist who shares Reales dedication to the individual child. .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .postImageUrl , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:hover , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:visited , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:active { border:0!important; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:active , .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865 .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8651d3f000ca1d69bb2e1ecb83da2865:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jane Lind EssayIn the after-school acting class at the Santa Monica Police Activities League, Currans group plays a game called Up Against the Wall, in which one person expresses an emotion and the others try it on for size. Ed, a fully grown 15-year-old, volunteers to go first, then cant think of what to say. Ma-an, he says, head in hands. I cant do this. What are you feeling? asks Sharon Madden, an earthy redhead who has been teaching theatre to children for more than 10 years. Embarrassed, replies Ed, laughing nervously. Then do embarrassed, proclaims Madden, and with a little prodding, Ed walks to the center of the room, head still buried in his too-large hands, an extraordinarily honest picture of how it feels to be an embarrassed adolescent. The kids in the projects are proud of their work and of their newfound ease of self-expression. Stevie, whose learning disability prevented him from learning to read at the pace of his peers, wrote a play in the Playmaking program called Greedy Joe about a boy who steals his friends wallet and then struggles with his warring good and bad consciences over whether to return it. When asked if he wants to keep writing, Stevie replies, Yeah, its fun, and then describes an idea for his next play, The Last Bottle, in which there are no soda bottles left in the world. In the project, you can express your feelings, and be loose, act the way you feel like, says Stevie. Unveiled feelings Playmaking, taught for the first time in December to the Virginia Avenue kids in a two-week intensive class with its creator, Sklar, is designed to do exactly that. As Curran, who now teaches the technique, points out, When they start to feel their emotional responses are valid, whether they are wrong or right, their minds open up and they can learn. For many of the kids in the program, the feelings they unveil are difficult. The Virginia Avenue group, working on an improvisational piece for Mothers Day, plays a game called, When Im a mother, Im never going to Seven-year-old Samantha, lisping from her missing front tooth, asks, If our mother beats us and stuff, do we have to say the opposite of that? The room falls silent, and Madden replies, Of course not, sweetie. In both 52nd Street and Virginia Avenue, adults act in the kids plays, a twist developed in New York to involve the dozens of professional actors who wanted to volunteer their time. Professional productions show the child that his or her words are worthy of respect not only among peers, but in the larger community as well. And the adult volunteers are committed to bringing the childs vision to life. I was really conscious of doing what I thought Stevie wanted, says Jody Price, an actress in Greedy Joe. We respect the playwright. Its a gift as opposed to a jobyoure really giving the kid something and including him in the process. Reale explains: The kids plays have a lot of leaps in them; they have gaps in what we might consider logic. An adult actor can work an enormous transition with a wink, so that whatever the kid has written is going to come across in a favorable way. This philosophy, so fundamental to the 52nd Street Project, is not shared by all of the replicators. Former 52nd Street volunteer Garrett Brown, who started the Youth Theatre division of the Heart of Los Angeles (HOLA) program in the fall of 1992 after moving to Los Angeles to join the cast of NBCs Sisters, believes that adults should play a less visible role. When his kids saw the Virginia Avenue Project perform, they wondered where all the kids wereso Brown put them on the stage. Its the process thats important, he says. .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 , .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .postImageUrl , .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 , .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353:hover , .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353:visited , .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353:active { border:0!important; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353:active , .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353 .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93482d5bcc8beb2c0f8f3dcd9325b353:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fringe on top EssayWhile problems may vary from city to city, the need for self-expression cuts across racial and geographic barriers and the children and adults who have been involved with these programs are overwhelmingly enthusiastic. This is joyful work, says Curran. Its stressful and frustrating, but at bottom you know that youre doing something that is going to make a difference in a couple of lives, and nothing can replace that.

Purpose and History of Penitentiaries

Societies in ancient times had laws that governed them in order to avoid emergence of anarchy rule. These societies used different forms of punishment to discourage individuals from committing crime. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is one of the first cited cases of laws that were used in the Middle East in ancient times.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Purpose and History of Penitentiaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They used punishment as a retribution for wrongs committed (Geltner, 2008, p.43). Afterwards, the Roman Empire established their legal code referred to as the Law of Twelve Tables. However, historians believe that the Justinian Code is the oldest form of legal code that was used to punish individuals. Punishment included banishment from home, beheading, branding with an iron rod, crucifixion, drowning and flogging (Geltner, 2008, p.44). In ancient times, imprisonment was not considered as an e fficient method of punishing crime. More crude methods such as beheading and crucifixion were used. Before the 1700’s, prisons were non-existent. Governments used prisons to confine criminals who were awaiting trial. In addition, prisons were mostly used to detain debtors who had failed to fulfill their financial obligations (May et al, 2007, p.37). Leaders used to punish criminals in public to discourage other people from committing crime. However, there was harsh criticism of execution as a form of punishment during the 1700’s. This period marked the advent of prison reforms. Prisons were established due to the activism of the 18th century rationalist reformers who were against execution and other crude forms of punishment (May et al, 2007, p.39). The reformers believed that imprisonment could offer criminals solitude, which would allow them to think about their actions and desire reformation. The Pennsylvania system refers to a prison system that encouraged solitary confinement of prisoners and discouraged socialization in prison. In contrast, the Auburn system encouraged the confinement of prisoners in groups (Geltner, 2008, p.49). The Pennsylvania system encouraged solitude in order to give prisoners an opportunity to repent and reform. Each prisoner spent time alone and was rarely allowed to mingle with other prisoners. However, prisoners were allowed a maximum of one hour for exercise. This system was not efficient because prison labor was inefficient and ineffective. Prisons were unable to utilize the services of prisoners to do hard labor in ways that were beneficial (May et al, 2007, p.44). This system gradually became obsolete and led to the birth of the auburn system. In the auburn system, prisoners spent time together during meals, manual work, recreation, and during religious services.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This system al so incorporated critical aspects such as healthcare and religious nourishment for prisoners. Prisoners’ work involved hard labor as a way of reformation. In this system, prisoners were imprisoned according to the category of their crime (Geltner, 2008, p.54). The system introduced the tier system that involves the construction of cells above one another. In the 1800’s, prison labor was the main activity that occupied prisoners as they served their sentences. Prisoners were leased to private establishments and individuals in efforts to make money (Geltner, 2008, p.59). They often worked in harsh conditions without remuneration. Hard labor was not used as a form of rehabilitation but as a channel for financial gains. During the close of the 19th century, prisons were accused of mistreating prisoners by leasing them to companies that forced them to work without pay. Later, laws were enacted to restrict prison labor during the great depression. There was fear that the chea p labor that was provided by prisoners would lead to loss of jobs. The main impact of prison labor is rehabilitation. Prisoners are made to work in order to reform them and prepare them for a better life. In addition, it has helped prisoners gain skills that help them start new lives after they serve their sentences (May et al, 2007, p.51). References Geltner, G. (2008). The Medieval Prison: A Social History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. May, D., Minor, K., and Mathews, B. (2007). Corrections and the Criminal Justice  System. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning. This essay on Purpose and History of Penitentiaries was written and submitted by user Sonny Spence to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.